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The proper nomenclature for a starter drive is a Bendix. The starter motor drive shaft has a spiral groove on which the Bendix rides. The Bendix is normally posed next to the motor when not in operation. When the motor is actuated, the spinning of the motors shaft causes the Bendix, complete with gear, to move away from the motor where it engages the flexplate gear. When the motor stops turning, spring pressure retracts the Bendix to its stationary position.

Instructions

1

Try to start the engine. If you hear a loud whirring noise, the starter motor has engaged and there is definitely something wrong with the starter or flexplate gear. If you hear no sound, the starter has not actuated.

2

Open the hood and test the battery voltage with the voltmeter. Connect the red voltmeter lead to the positive terminal on the battery and the black lead to the negative terminal. There should be 12.5 volts or better. If not, charge the battery and test again. If it does not take a charge replace it. If it does take a charge, watch the voltmeter as a helper turns the key to start. If the voltage remains constant, a wire or solenoid problem exists. If the voltage drops below 10.5 volts replace the battery. Check the alternator output if the battery took a charge.

3

Check the power to the starter solenoid B+ terminal. This is the wire cable directly from the battery to the solenoid. Place the black voltmeter lead on a good ground and probe the solenoid terminal with the red wire. Battery voltage should be present if the wire and battery terminals are good.

4

Check the S-terminal on the solenoid. This is the small terminal that receives power from the ignition switch that actuates the starter. Remove the S-terminal small wire and probe it while a helper turns the key to the start position. It should have power. If it doesnt, the ignition switch is bad. If there is power at both terminals and the starter just clicks or makes no noise at all, replace the starter. If the starter runs but does not turn the engine proceed to the next step.

5

Remove the negative cable on the battery using a wrench. Raise the front of the vehicle with the floor jack and place the jack stands under the frame. Lower the vehicle so that it rests on the jack stands.

6

Remove the starter bolts with a socket and pull the starter out. Disconnect the large primary power wire on the B+ terminal and the small wire on the S-terminal using a wrench. Lay the starter on the ground in front of the vehicle.

7

Test the starter using the jumper cables. Connect the black lead to the negative terminal on the battery and the other end of this cable to the body of the starter. Connect the red lead to the positive terminal on the battery. Take the red lead in hand and momentarily touch the large stud just below the large B+ terminal. Watch the starter Bendix. It should immediately snap out to the end of the starter motor shaft as the motor is spinning. As soon as the motor stops the Bendix should retract. If not, replace the starter. If it does operate perfectly, the problem is the flexplate gear. The ring gear that surrounds the flexplate is what the Bendix engages to turn the engine. This requires removing the transmission and torque converter in order to replace.

While driving on slippery roads, drivers usually arent thinking about the decreasing value of their vehicle. Although road salt helps to increase the traction an automobile gets on wintry or wet roads, it can cause significant problems for a vehicle. However, car owners can use a variety of methods to decrease the effects road salt has on their car.

Paint Erosion

One common problem caused by road salt is car paint erosion. Although this may not happen over night, continued interaction with road salt can destroy the paint on a car over time. Modern automotive paint is better than it was decades ago; and improved primers and corrosion-resistant coatings decrease the impact road salt has on vehicles. Even with better paint, owners and their vehicles fall victim to the winter road warrior otherwise known as road salt. After a few winters, drivers may find they need a new paint job.

Corrosion

Another more serious problem caused by road salt is rusting. Although the paint serves as a protective layer for the metal of a vehicle, other areas of exposed metal, such as underneath the car, become victims of road salt. Over time, road salt can even eat through the vehicles paint and get to the metal underneath. Even though rust is not usually a safety factor, it can be quite expensive to fix. Once rust forms, it usually spreads. Because of this, its best to deal with rust before it occurs.

Structural Damage

What makes structural damage so severe and dangerous is that it occurs out of sight. Sometimes, the paint of a vehicle appears normal, but road salt has begun to eat away at the undercarriage of the vehicle. The undercarriage is at the highest risk level for road salt damage because it is constantly exposed to road salt -- being so close to the road -- and it does not feature a protective layer of paint, unless specially added. Structural damage, such as severe rusting, can be very expensive to fix and can cause safety hazards.

Prevention

The best way to prevent road salt damage is to wash the vehicle frequently. Washing a vehicle can remove salt from out-of-sight places. The undercarriage is especially important to wash because of frequent salt build-up. Parking a vehicle in a warm place, where the ice melts, can accelerate the damage caused by salt. To help prevent damage from road salt, a driver should wash her car about once a week. Waxing the car before winter comes will add a layer of protection as well.

A torque converter is a round object between the engine and transmission of automatic vehicles. It serves several purposes, such as giving an engine the ability to idle as well as increasing an engines torque. When a torque converter goes bad, there are a number of things that happen.

Noise

Noise coming from a vehicle transmission could be due to problems with the torque converter. A torque converter has needle bearings inside. When these bearings wear out, they can cause transmission noise unless the transmission is in neutral in which case the noise temporarily stops.

Vibration

Lockup torque converters were added to many newer-model vehicles to help with fuel economy. However, vibration problems can happen when these torque converters go bad. The vibration felt is known as "lockup shudder" and may occur due to a bad engine or transmission as well.

Overheating

Torque converters have a one-way clutch that can jam and prevent the converter from circulating fluid correctly. This can cause a vehicle to lose power at higher speeds such as those reached when traveling on the interstate. It can also cause an engine to overheat at cruising speeds.

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emissions device that is part of a vehicles exhaust system. In charge of lowering the exhaust emissions that exit a vehicles tail pipe, a catalytic converter can negatively impact vehicle performance if it goes bad or stops working properly. What follows is a brief list of the most common signs of a bad catalytic converter.

Reduced Exhaust Flow

A major sign of a plugged up and/or bad catalytic converter is reduced exhaust flow measured at the vehicle tail pipe. Engine exhaust must travel through a catalytic converter before exiting the tail pipe; a bad catalytic converter can block and/or impede exhaust flow.

Reduced Engine Power

If a bad catalytic converter seriously impedes the flow of a vehicles engine exhaust flow, reduced engine horsepower can occur. This is due to the increase in engine exhaust back pressure that results whenever engine exhaust flow is impeded and/or reduced.

Reduced Exhaust Pipe Temperature

It is common for a bad and/or plugged catalytic converter to cause abnormally low exhaust pipe temperatures on the backside of a catalytic converter. As engine exhaust exits an engine and travels down the exhaust system and through the catalytic converter, the exiting exhaust flow can be restricted enough to cause significantly reduced exhaust pipe temperatures between the catalytic converter and the tail pipe.

Increased Hydrocarbon Emissions

Catalytic converters work by reducing the levels of hydrocarbon emissions exiting a vehicles tail pipe. A bad catalytic converter can lose its emissions-lowering capabilities and cause an increase in exhaust hydrocarbon emissions, a condition that is normally picked up when a vehicle is undergoing a routine smog inspection.

Reduced Fuel Economy

Any obstruction and/or abnormality in a vehicles exhaust system has the potential to reduce vehicle gas mileage by creating exhaust back pressure within a vehicles engine. A bad catalytic converter can cause a reduction in vehicle fuel economy if it restricts the flow of engine exhaust to the point of causing a marked increase in engine exhaust back pressure.

Automotive O2 sensors determine in real time if the air fuel ratio of your vehicles engine is lean or rich. They make electronic fuel injections and emission control possible. Sensors typically last from 30,000 miles to more than 100,000 miles. Driving with a bad O2 sensor is like avoiding going to the dentist. You will cause damage to your car, just as you would cause damage to your teeth by avoiding the dentist. The only issue is how much damage you are willing to endure before you replace your O2 sensor.

Instructions

1

Drive the speed limit at all times. Do not speed. Your gas mileage and catalytic converter are already in jeopardy due to the bad O2 sensor. The harder you drive, the more damage you will cause to your catalytic converter.

2

Accelerate slowly. Slamming on the gas to achieve quick acceleration will exacerbate any damage being done to your vehicle.

3

Brake often. Again, the slower you drive, the better. Leave at least three to five seconds of time between yourself and the vehicle in front of you.

4

Plan out your trips before you leave your home. If you plan ahead of time, you will avoid backtracking and any unnecessary driving.

5

Limit driving as much as possible. If you can wait to mail that letter to your grandma, wait. If you can walk to any spots you need to go to, do so. Walking is good exercise and it will limit wear and tear on your car.